wildlife practical- Ty Zoology

 Temporary preparation to study faunal diversity of zooplanktons/insects/mollusca from the surrounding area

A.      Temporary preparation to study faunal diversity of zooplanktons from the surrounding area.

 Aim: The aim of this practical is to understand and study the faunal diversity of zooplankton in a specific area.

Materials Needed:

1. Microscope - for observing zooplankton samples.
2. Plankton Net - for collecting zooplankton from water bodies.
3. Sample Bottles - to store collected samples.
4. Glass Slides and Cover Slips - for preparing temporary mounts.
5. Dropper - for transferring samples to slides.
6. Preservatives (optional) - such as 4 % formalin, for preserving samples.

Procedure:

1. Collection of Samples:
• Use a plankton net to collect water samples from a pond, lake, or any water body.
• Pour the collected water into sample bottles.
2. Preparation of Temporary Mounts:
• Using a dropper, place a small drop of the water sample onto a glass slide.
• Carefully place a cover slip over the drop to create a temporary mount.
3. Observation Under Microscope:
• Observe the slide under the microscope to identify and study the different types of zooplankton present in the sample.
• Note the shapes, sizes, and movements of the zooplankton.
• Draw sketches or take photographs of the observed zooplankton.
• Record the different types of zooplankton found, their abundance, and any notable characteristics.

• Species Identification: Use a guide or key to identify the zooplankton to the species level.
• Diversity Measurement: Calculate the species richness (number of different species), and if possible, abundance (number of individuals of each species).

 

B.      Temporary preparation to study faunal diversity of insects from the surrounding area

Materials Needed:

1. Insect Collecting Net: For capturing flying insects.
2. Insect Collecting Bottles/Jars: For storing collected insects.
3. Pooters/Aspirators: For safely collecting small insects.
4. Forceps and Tweezers: For handling insects.
5. Magnifying Glass: For observing small details.
6. Field Guide: For identifying different insect species.
7. Notebook and Pen: For recording observations.

Procedure:

1. Collection of Insects:
• Select different habitats (e.g., gardens, forests, fields) to collect a variety of insects.
• Use the insect collecting net to sweep through vegetation and capture flying insects.
• Use pooters/aspirators to collect small insects from leaves, soil, or bark.
• Place captured insects in collecting bottles/jars for observation.
2. Observation and Identification:
• Use the magnifying glass to observe the physical features of the collected insects.
• Refer to the field guide to identify the species or family of each insect.
• Take note of distinctive features like color, size, shape, and behavior.
• Record the location, date, and time of collection for each insect.
• Note the type of habitat where each insect was found.
• Draw sketches or take photographs of the insects to aid in identification.
3. Analysis:
• Categorize the insects based on their family, genus, and species.
• Calculate the species richness (number of different species) and abundance (number of individuals per species).

 

C.      Temporary preparation to study faunal diversity of insects from the surrounding area.

Materials Needed:

1. Collection Tools: Small scoops, forceps, and container for collecting molluscs.
2. Preservatives (optional): Such as ethanol, for preserving samples.
3. Identification Guides: Field guides or keys for identifying mollusc species.
4. Magnifying Glass or Hand Lens: For close observation of small details.
5. Notebook and Pen: For recording observations.

Procedure:

1. Collection of Samples:
• Search various habitats such as ponds, streams, under rocks, leaf litter, and soil to find a variety of molluscs.
• capture aquatic molluscs like snails and small shells.
• Place collected specimens in jars or plastic containers for observation.
2. Observation and Identification:
• Use a magnifying glass or hand lens to examine the physical characteristics of the collected molluscs.
• Refer to field guides or keys to identify the species or family of each mollusc.
• Note distinctive features like shell shape, color, size, and texture.
• Record the location, date, and time of collection for each mollusc.
• Draw sketches or take photographs of the molluscs to aid in identification.
3. Analysis:
• Categorize the molluscs based on their family, genus, and species.
• Calculate the species richness (number of different species) and abundance (number of individuals per species).

 

 

2. Study of faunal diversity (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) from campus & surrounding area.

The aim of this practical is to study and understand the faunal diversity of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals in the campus and surrounding area. This includes:

1. Observing and Identifying Species: To observe and identify different species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals in their natural habitats.
2. Understanding Biodiversity: To gain insights into the diversity and ecological roles of various species in the ecosystem.
3. Field Skills: To develop skills in field observation, species identification, and data collection.
4. Data Analysis: To analyze the collected data to calculate species richness, abundance, and diversity indices.
5. Habitat Comparison: To compare faunal diversity across different habitats and understand the factors influencing species distribution.

Materials Needed:

1. Field Guide: For identifying various species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
2. Binoculars: For observing birds and mammals from a distance.
3. Camera: To document the observed species.
4. Notebook and Pen: For recording observations.
5. GPS Device: For noting the exact location of sightings.
6. Insect Repellent: To avoid bites while out in the field.
7. Torch/Flashlight: For nocturnal surveys.

Procedure:

1. Planning and Preparation:
• Choose different times of the day for observations, as some species are diurnal (active during the day) while others are nocturnal (active at night).
• Select various habitats (e.g., forests, grasslands, wetlands) within the campus and surrounding area to ensure a diverse range of species.
2. Field Observations:
• Amphibians: Look for amphibians near water bodies such as ponds, streams, and marshes. Amphibians are often found under rocks, logs, and leaf litter.
• Reptiles: Search for reptiles basking in sunny areas, on rocks, or under debris. Pay attention to their distinctive features such as scales, coloration, and movement.
• Birds: Use binoculars to observe birds in trees, shrubs, and open areas. Note their size, plumage color, and any distinctive calls or songs.
• Mammals: Look for mammals in various habitats. Observe their tracks, droppings, and other signs such as nests or burrows. Use a camera to document sightings.
3. Identification and Documentation:
• Use field guides to identify the species observed. Note their physical characteristics, behaviors, and habitats.
• Record the date, time, location, and weather conditions during each observation.
• Take photographs or make sketches of the species to aid in identification and documentation.
4. Data Analysis:
• Categorize the species observed into amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
• Calculate species richness (number of different species) and abundance (number of individuals per species).
• Analyze the diversity in different habitats and compare findings.

• Prepare a detailed report that includes the methods used, observations made, and analysis of the faunal diversity in the campus and surrounding area.
• Include photographs, sketches, and notes on the behavior and habitat of the observed species.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Demonstration of basic tools for field studies: Binocular, Global Positioning System, Cameras, Plankton & butterfly collecting net, insect collecting bottles, Mounting chamber for insects & preservation of museum specimens

 

. Binoculars

• Purpose: Binoculars are essential for observing birds, mammals, and other wildlife from a safe distance without disturbing their natural behavior. They allow you to see details that are not visible to the naked eye.
• How to Use: Adjust the eyepiece to match the distance between your eyes. Focus by turning the central wheel until the image is sharp. Use the diopter adjustment to compensate for differences between your eyes. Hold the binoculars steady to avoid blurry images.

2. Global Positioning System (GPS)

• Purpose: A GPS device helps you accurately map and record the locations of your observations. It is useful for tracking the movement of animals and for ensuring you can return to specific observation points.
• How to Use: Turn on the device and allow it to acquire satellite signals. Navigate through the menu to find the coordinates of your location. Use these coordinates to mark observation points or trails. Save important locations and download maps for offline use if needed.

3. Cameras

• Purpose: Cameras are used to document species and their habitats through high-quality photographs. They help create a visual record of your observations, which can be useful for identification and research.
• How to Use: Familiarize yourself with your camera's settings, such as focus, aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. Adjust these settings based on lighting conditions and the subject you are photographing. Use a tripod for stability when taking photos in low light. Take multiple shots from different angles to capture all details.

4. Plankton & Butterfly Collecting Net

• Purpose: These nets are designed to capture small organisms like plankton from water bodies and butterflies from vegetation. They are crucial for studying the diversity of these groups in their natural habitats.
• How to Use: For plankton, sweep the net through the water, collecting samples into the attached container. For butterflies, gently sweep the net through flowering plants and shrubs, then carefully transfer the captured butterflies to a container for observation. Be gentle to avoid harming the specimens.

5. Insect Collecting Bottles

• Purpose: These bottles are used for temporarily storing captured insects for closer observation and identification. They provide a safe environment for the insects while allowing you to study them.
• How to Use: Gently place the captured insects into the bottles, ensuring they have enough air and are not overcrowded. Label each bottle with the date and location of capture. Observe the insects through the bottle or transfer them to a magnifying glass or microscope for detailed examination.

6. Mounting Chamber for Insects

• Purpose: The mounting chamber is used for preparing insects for long-term preservation and display. It allows for the proper positioning and drying of insect specimens.
• How to Use: Position the insect on a mounting board, securing it with pins in a natural pose. Use soft pins to minimize damage. Allow the insect to dry completely in the chamber. Once dried, transfer the specimen to a labeled storage container.

7. Preservation of Museum Specimens

• Purpose: Preserving specimens ensures they can be studied and displayed for years to come. Proper preservation techniques protect the integrity of the specimens.
• How to Use: Depending on the specimen, use appropriate preservatives like ethanol for insects or formalin for other organisms. Submerge the specimens in the preservative solution in well-labeled containers. Store the containers in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

 

  

4. Identification of animals through pug marks, hoof marks, scats, pellet groups, nest, antlers, etc.

 

Aim:

To identify various animal species by studying their signs and traces, including pug marks, hoof marks, scats, pellet groups, nests, and antlers.

Materials Needed:

1. Notebook and Pen: For recording observations.
2. Camera: To document animal signs.
3. Measuring Tape/Ruler: For measuring tracks and signs.
4. Plaster of Paris: For making casts of pug marks.
5. Gloves: For handling scats and other materials.
6. Field Guide: For identifying animal signs.

 

Procedure:

1. Pug Marks (Footprints of Carnivores):

• Identification: Look for distinct shapes and sizes of paw prints in the soil or mud. Note the number of toes, presence of claws, and overall shape.
• Recording: Measure the length and width of the pug mark and note any unique features.
• Casting: Mix plaster of Paris with water to form a thick paste. Pour it carefully into the pug mark and let it set. Once dry, gently lift the cast for further study.

 

2. Hoof Marks (Footprints of Hoofed Animals):

• Identification: Observe the shape, size, and depth of hoof marks. Note the arrangement of the hooves and any distinctive patterns.
• Recording: Measure the length and width of the hoof mark and note the number of hooves and their arrangement.
• Documentation: Take clear photographs of the hoof marks from different angles.

 

3. a. Scats (Animal Droppings):

• Identification: Examine the size, shape, and composition of the scats. Note the presence of undigested materials like hair, bones, or seeds.
• Recording: Measure the length and diameter of the scats and record any distinctive features.
• Safety: Use gloves when handling scats and avoid direct contact.

b. Pellet

• Identification: Look for compact masses of undigested material, such as bones and fur, regurgitated by birds of prey.
• Recording: Measure the size of the pellet and note the materials present.
• Documentation: Take photographs of the pellet and dissect it carefully to identify the prey items.

 

5. Nests:

• Identification: Observe the location, structure, and materials used in the nest. Note the size and shape of the nest.
• Recording: Document the type of nest (e.g., ground nest, tree nest) and the materials used in its construction.
• Safety: Avoid disturbing the nest or the animals that built it.

 

 

  

5.       Casting of pug marks of common animals using plaster of Paris in and around the campus

Aim:

To create plaster casts of pug marks (footprints) of common animals found in and around the campus for identification and study.

Materials Needed:

1. Plaster of Paris: For creating the casts.
2. Water: To mix with plaster of Paris.
3. Mixing Bowl: For preparing the plaster mixture.
4. Stirring Stick: For mixing the plaster and water.
5. Measuring Tape/Ruler: For measuring the pug marks.
6. Notebook and Pen: For recording observations.
7. Camera: To document the pug marks before casting.
8. Gloves: To protect your hands while handling plaster of Paris.
9. Cardboard Strips: To form a frame around the pug mark.

Procedure:

• Search for pug marks in soft soil, mud, or sand in and around the campus.
• Identify clear and well-defined pug marks for casting.
• Use a measuring tape or ruler to measure the length and width of the pug mark.
• Take photographs of the pug mark from different angles for documentation.
• Place cardboard strips around the pug mark to form a frame. This will contain the plaster and prevent it from spreading.
• Put on gloves to protect your hands.
• In a mixing bowl, combine plaster of Paris with water according to the instructions on the packaging.
• Stir the mixture with a stick until it reaches a smooth, pancake-batter-like consistency.
• Carefully pour the plaster mixture into the pug mark, ensuring it covers the entire imprint.
• Gently tap the sides of the frame to remove any air bubbles and allow the plaster to settle.
• Let the plaster set and harden for about 30 minutes or until it is firm to the touch.
• Once the plaster has fully hardened, gently remove the cardboard frame.
• Carefully lift the cast from the ground. If the cast is still fragile, let it dry further before handling.
• Clean any excess soil or debris from the cast.
• Label the cast with the date, location, and species (if known).
• Compare the cast to reference guides to identify the animal species.
• Record your observations and findings in your notebook.

Result

• Prepare a detailed report that includes the methods used, observations made, and analysis of the pug marks.

 

 

 

6.      To perform line transect and quadrat method to study diversity in and around campus

Aim: To study the diversity of plant and animal species using line transect and quadrat methods in and around the campus.

Materials Needed:

1.      Measuring Tape: For marking out transects and quadrats.

2.      Rope or String: To lay along the transect line.

3.      Quadrat Frame: Typically a square frame, usually 1m x 1m.

4.      Notebook and Pen: For recording observations.

5.      GPS Device: To mark the exact location of transects and quadrats.

6.      Identification Guides: Field guides for plants, insects, and other organisms.

7.      Camera: To document findings.

a.      Line Transect Method:

Procedure:

·         Choose a representative area of the campus and its surroundings where you want to study biodiversity.

·         Use the measuring tape to mark out a straight line (transect) of a predetermined length, such as 50 meters or 100 meters.

·         Lay the rope or string along the marked line to guide your observations.

·         Walk along the transect line slowly and observe the species present on either side of the line.

·         Record the type and number of species encountered at regular intervals (e.g., every 1 meter or 5 meters).

·         Use identification guides to accurately identify the species.

·         Note the habitat and environmental conditions, such as sunlight, soil type, and moisture level.

·         Record your observations in a notebook, including the species identified, their abundance, and location along the transect.

·         Take photographs of the species and the transect line.

 

 

 

Quadrat Method:

Procedure:

·         Choose different locations along the transect line or in other representative areas of the campus.

·         Place the quadrat frame randomly or at regular intervals (e.g., every 5 meters) along the transect line.

·         Ensure the quadrat frame is placed flat on the ground.

·         Identify and count all the species present within the quadrat frame.

·         Record the type and number of species, as well as their relative abundance.

·         Use identification guides to accurately identify the species.

·         Note the habitat and environmental conditions within the quadrat.

·         Record your observations in a notebook,

·         Take photographs of the quadrats and the species within them.

Calculation:

1. Species Richness and Abundance:
• Calculate the species richness (number of different species) and abundance (number of individuals per species) from the data collected.
• Compare the diversity in different habitats or locations.
2. Diversity Indices:
• Calculate diversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener Index or Simpson’s Diversity Index to quantify the biodiversity in the study area.

 

• Prepare a detailed report that includes the methods used, observations made, and analysis of the data collected.
• Include photographs, maps of transect and quadrat locations, and calculations of diversity indices.